TY - JOUR T1 - AI feel you: customer experience assessment via chatbot interviews JF - Journal of Service Management Y1 - 2020 A1 - Sidaoui, Karim A1 - Jaakkola, Matti A1 - Burton, Jamie KW - artificial intelligence KW - chatbot KW - Customer experience KW - Customer feelings KW - Sentiment analysis KW - Storytelling AB - Purpose: While customer experience (CE) is recognized as a critical determinant of business success, both academics and managers are yet to find a means to gain a comprehensive understanding of CE cost-effectively. The authors argue that the application of relevant AI technology could help address this challenge. Employing interactively prompted narrative storytelling, and the authors investigate the effectiveness of sentiment analysis (SA) on extracting valuable CE insights from primary qualitative data generated via chatbot interviews. Design/methodology/approach: Drawing on a granular and semantically clear framework for studying CE feelings, an artificial intelligence (AI) augmented chatbot was designed. The chatbot interviewed a crowdsourced sample of consumers about their recalled service experience feelings. By combining free-text and closed-ended questions, the authors were able to compare extracted sentiment polarities against established measurement scales and empirically validate our novel approach. Findings: The authors demonstrate that SA can effectively extract CE feelings from primary chatbot data. This findings also suggest that further enhancement in accuracy can be achieved via improvements in the interplay between the chatbot interviewer and SA extraction algorithms. Research limitations/implications: The proposed customer-centric approach can help service companies to study and better understand CE feelings in a cost-effective and scalable manner. The AI-augmented chatbots can also help companies to foster immersive and engaging relationships with customers. This study focuses on feelings, warranting further research on AI's value in studying other CE elements. Originality/value: The unique inquisitive role of AI-infused chatbots in conducting interviews and analyzing data in realtime, offers considerable potential for studying CE and other subjective constructs. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Are machines stealing our jobs? JF - Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society Y1 - 2020 A1 - Gentili, Andrea A1 - Compagnucci, Fabiano A1 - Gallegati, Mauro A1 - Valentini, Enzo KW - cluster analysis KW - e24 KW - e66 KW - j24 KW - jel classifications KW - labour dislocation KW - robotisation AB - This study aims to contribute empirical evidence to the debate about the future of work in an increasingly robotised world. We implement a data-driven approach to study the technological transition in six leading Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. First, we perform a cross-country and cross-sector cluster analysis based on the OECD-STAN database. Second, using the International Federation of Robotics database, we bridge these results with those regarding the sectoral density of robots. We show that the process of robotisation is industry- and country-sensitive. In the future, participants in the political and academic debate may be split into optimists and pessimists regarding the future of human labour; however, the two stances may not be contradictory. VL - 13 ER - TY - CONF T1 - Artificial Intelligence in the Criminal Justice System: Leading Trends and Possibilities T2 - Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Social, economic, and academic leadership (ICSEAL-6-2019) Y1 - 2020 A1 - Sushina, Tatyana A1 - Sobenin, Andrew KW - artificial intelligence KW - criminal justice system KW - digital technologies KW - Leadership JF - Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Social, economic, and academic leadership (ICSEAL-6-2019) PB - Atlantis Press CY - Paris, France VL - 441 SN - 978-94-6252-974-8 UR - https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125940991 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Competing with Robots: Firm-Level Evidence from France JF - AEA Papers and Proceedings Y1 - 2020 A1 - Acemoglu, Daron A1 - Lelarge, Claire A1 - Restrepo, Pascual KW - automation KW - competition KW - j23 KW - j24 KW - jel codes KW - l11 KW - labor share KW - manufacturing KW - productivity KW - reallocation KW - robots KW - tasks AB - We study the firm-level implications of robot adoption in France. Of 55,390 firms in our sample, 598 adopted robots between 2010 and 2015, but these firms accounted for 20 percent of manufacturing employment. Adopters experienced significant declines in labor shares, the share of production workers in employment, and increases in value added and productivity. They expand their overall employment as well. However, this expansion comes at the expense of competitors, leading to an overall negative association between adoption and employment. Robot adoption has a large impact on the labor share because adopters are larger and grow faster than their competitors. VL - 110 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Criminal justice, artificial intelligence systems, and human rights JF - ERA Forum Y1 - 2020 A1 - Završnik, Aleš KW - Algorithms KW - artificial intelligence KW - automation KW - Criminal justice KW - Fair trial KW - Human rights AB - The automation brought about by big data analytics, machine learning and artificial intelligence systems challenges us to reconsider fundamental questions of criminal justice. The article outlines the automation which has taken place in the criminal justice domain and answers the question of what is being automated and who is being replaced thereby. It then analyses encounters between artificial intelligence systems and the law, by considering case law and by analysing some of the human rights affected. The article concludes by offering some thoughts on proposed solutions for remedying the risks posed by artificial intelligence systems in the criminal justice domain. PB - The Author(s) VL - 20 SN - 1202702000602 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12027-020-00602-0 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Ethics of autonomous weapons systems and its applicability to any AI systems JF - Telecommunications Policy Y1 - 2020 A1 - Gómez de Ágreda, Ángel KW - AI ethics KW - Autonomous weapons KW - CCW KW - Dual-use AI KW - Explainability KW - Meaningful human control AB - Most artificial intelligence technologies are dual-use. They are incorporated into both peaceful civilian applications and military weapons systems. Most of the existing codes of conduct and ethical principles on artificial intelligence address the former while largely ignoring the latter. But when these technologies are used to power systems specifically designed to cause harm, the question must be asked as to whether the ethics applied to military autonomous systems should also be taken into account for all artificial intelligence technologies susceptible of being used for those purposes. However, while a freeze in investigations is neither possible nor desirable, neither is the maintenance of the current status quo. Comparison between general-purpose ethical codes and military ones concludes that most ethical principles apply to human use of artificial intelligence systems as long as two characteristics are met: that the way algorithms work is understood and that humans retain enough control. In this way, human agency is fully preserved and moral responsibility is retained independently of the potential dual-use of artificial intelligence technology. PB - Elsevier Ltd VL - 5 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.101953 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Explainable AI under contract and tort law: legal incentives and technical challenges JF - Artificial Intelligence and Law Y1 - 2020 A1 - Hacker, Philipp A1 - Krestel, Ralf A1 - Grundmann, Stefan A1 - Naumann, Felix KW - Contract law KW - Corporate takeovers KW - Explainability KW - Explainability-accuracy trade-off KW - Explainable AI KW - Interpretable machine learning KW - Medical malpractice KW - Tort law AB - This paper shows that the law, in subtle ways, may set hitherto unrecognized incentives for the adoption of explainable machine learning applications. In doing so, we make two novel contributions. First, on the legal side, we show that to avoid liability, professional actors, such as doctors and managers, may soon be legally compelled to use explainable ML models. We argue that the importance of explainability reaches far beyond data protection law, and crucially influences questions of contractual and tort liability for the use of ML models. To this effect, we conduct two legal case studies, in medical and corporate merger applications of ML. As a second contribution, we discuss the (legally required) trade-off between accuracy and explainability and demonstrate the effect in a technical case study in the context of spam classification. PB - Springer Netherlands SN - 0123456789 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-020-09260-6 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Feminist economic geography and the future of work JF - EPA: Economy and Space Y1 - 2020 A1 - Reid-musson, Emily A1 - Cockayne, Daniel A1 - Frederiksen, Lia A1 - Worth, Nancy KW - corresponding author KW - department of geography KW - emily reid-musson KW - feminist economic geography KW - memorial university of newfoundland KW - newfoundland and labrador a1c KW - social reproduction KW - subjectivity KW - technology KW - work ER - TY - ABST T1 - Frameworks for collective intelligence: A systematic literature review Y1 - 2020 A1 - Suran, Shweta A1 - Pattanaik, Vishwajeet A1 - Draheim, Dirk KW - collective intelligence KW - Crowdsourcing KW - Human computer interaction KW - Systematic literature review KW - Web 2.0 KW - Wisdom of crowds AB - Over the last few years, Collective Intelligence (CI) platforms have become a vital resource for learning, problem solving, decision-making, and predictions. This rising interest in the topic has to led to the development of several models and frameworks available in published literature. Unfortunately, most of these models are built around domain-specific requirements, i.e., they are often based on the intuitions of their domain experts and developers. This has created a gap in our knowledge in the theoretical foundations of CI systems and models, in general. In this article, we attempt to fill this gap by conducting a systematic review of CI models and frameworks, identified from a collection of 9,418 scholarly articles published since 2000. Eventually, we contribute by aggregating the available knowledge from 12 CI models into one novel framework and present a generic model that describes CI systems irrespective of their domains. We add to the previously available CI models by providing a more granular view of how different components of CI systems interact. We evaluate the proposed model by examining it with respect to six popular, ongoing CI initiatives available on the Web. JF - ACM Computing Surveys VL - 53 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Future of Work in Developing Economies JF - MIT Sloan Management Review Y1 - 2020 A1 - Egana del Sol, Pablo A1 - Joyce, Connor A1 - Del Sol, Pablo Egaña A1 - Joyce, Connor KW - Armenia KW - Asia KW - Austria KW - automation KW - Bolivia KW - Business And Economics–Management KW - China KW - Developing countries–LDCs KW - Employment KW - future KW - Georgia (country) KW - Ghana KW - Impact analysis KW - Kenya KW - Kuala Lumpur Malaysia KW - Laos KW - Republic of North Macedonia KW - South Korea KW - Sri Lanka KW - United States–US KW - Vietnam KW - Workers AB -

Much has been written about the rise of automation in developed countries. Economists have been busily creating models seeking to quantify the likely impact of automation on employment. However, far less has been written about the potential effects on work in developing nations. This is surprising, given that automation may be especially troublesome for developing economies. Here, del Sol and Joyce examine the effects of large-scale automation on workers in developing countries.

VL - 61 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Impacts of the Use of Machine Learning on Work Design T2 - 8th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction Y1 - 2020 A1 - Kevin Crowston A1 - Bolici, Francesco KW - artificial intelligence KW - automation KW - Coordination KW - machine learning KW - work design AB -

The increased pervasiveness of technological advancements in automation makes it urgent to address the question of how work is changing in response. Focusing on applications of machine learning (ML) to automate information tasks, we draw on a simple framework for identifying the impacts of an automated system on a task that suggests 3 patterns for the use of ML—decision support, blended decision making and complete automation. In this paper, we extend this framework by considering how automation of one task might have implications for interdependent tasks and how automation applies to coordination mechanisms.

JF - 8th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction PB - ACM CY - Virtual Event, NSW, Australia SN - 978-1-4503-8054-6/20/11 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Industrial robots, employment growth, and labor cost: A simultaneous equation analysis JF - Technological Forecasting and Social Change Y1 - 2020 A1 - Jung, Jin Hwa A1 - Lim, Dong Geon KW - Compensation level KW - Employment growth KW - Industrial robots KW - Labor cost KW - Simultaneous equation analysis AB - In recent years, the global rapid expansion of industrial robots has induced ever-increasing concerns for the cause and effect of such growth, particularly with regard to its relationship with labor. This paper analyzes the factors underlying the adoption of industrial robots, employment growth and structure, and labor costs, taking into account the two-way causalities between these variables. For the empirical analysis, we use the three-stage least squares (3SLS) method for the system of simultaneous equations and apply it to the panel data constructed for 42 countries. Explanatory variables for each equation include the dependent variables of other equations and exogenous variables, such as the labor market environment, physical and human capital, and country-specific social environment. The empirical results of the present study indicate that the increase in both unit labor costs and hourly compensation level induces an extensive application of industrial robots. Subsequently, the expansion of industrial robots leads to a reduction of unit labor costs; however, the hourly compensation level increases, implying that the productivity-enhancing effect exceeds the wage-increasing effect of industrial robots. The extensive use of industrial robots tends to suppress employment growth, confirming the labor-substituting effect of industrial robots; the observed trend disproportionately affects low-skilled labor. PB - Elsevier VL - 159 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120202 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Machine learning-based clinical prediction modeling – A practical guide for clinicians JF - Artificial Intelligence in Precision Health Y1 - 2020 A1 - Kernbach, Julius M. A1 - Staartjes, Victor E. KW - Alzheimers disease detection KW - artificial intelligence KW - Convolutional neural networks KW - Deep neural networks KW - Ensemble machine learning methods PB - Elsevier Inc. SN - 9780128171332 UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.15069v1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817133-2.00011-2 ER - TY - ABST T1 - Robo-Apocalypse cancelled? Reframing the automation and future of work debate Y1 - 2020 A1 - Willcocks, Leslie KW - AI KW - automation KW - cognitive automation KW - future of work KW - Information Technology KW - Jobs KW - robotic process automation KW - skills AB - Robotics and the automation of knowledge work, often referred to as AI (artificial intelligence), are presented in the media as likely to have massive impacts, for better or worse, on jobs skills, organizations and society. The article deconstructs the dominant hype-and-fear narrative. Claims on net job loss emerge as exaggerated, but there will be considerable skills disruption and change in the major global economies over the next 12 years. The term AI has been hijacked, in order to suggest much more going on technologically than can be the case. The article reviews critically the research evidence so far, including the author's own, pointing to eight major qualifiers to the dominant discourse of major net job loss from a seamless, overwhelming AI wave sweeping fast through the major economies. The article questions many assumptions: that automation creates few jobs short or long term; that whole jobs can be automated; that the technology is perfectible; that organizations can seamlessly and quickly deploy AI; that humans are machines that can be replicated; and that it is politically, socially and economically feasible to apply these technologies. A major omission in all studies is factoring in dramatic increases in the amount of work to be done. Adding in ageing populations, productivity gaps and skills shortages predicted across many G20 countries, the danger might be too little, rather than too much labour. The article concludes that, if there is going to be a Robo-Apocalypse, this will be from a collective failure to adjust to skills change over the next 12 years. But the debate needs to be widened to the impact of eight other technologies that AI insufficiently represents in the popular imagination and that, in combination, could cause a techno-apocalypse. JF - Journal of Information Technology SN - 0268396220925 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Robot Economy : Here It Comes JF - International Journal of Social Robotics Y1 - 2020 A1 - Arduengo, Miguel A1 - Sentis, Luis KW - blockchain KW - Cloud robotics KW - Intelligent robots KW - IoRT KW - Robot economy PB - Springer Netherlands UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00686-1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Role of Discretion in the Age of Automation JF - Computer Supported Cooperative Work: CSCW: An International Journal Y1 - 2020 A1 - Petersen, Anette C.M. A1 - Christensen, Lars Rune A1 - Hildebrandt, Thomas T. KW - Administrative work KW - automation KW - Casework KW - Decision-Making KW - Digital-ready legislation KW - Digitisation KW - Discretion KW - Rules in action KW - Social work AB - This paper examines the nature of discretion in social work in order to debunk myths dominating prevalent debates on digitisation and automation in the public sector. Social workers have traditionally used their discretion widely and with great autonomy, but discretion has increasingly come under pressure for its apparent subjectivity and randomness. In Denmark, our case in point, the government recently planned to standardise laws to limit or remove discretion where possible in order for automation of case management to gain a foothold. Recent studies have focused on discretion in the public sector, but few have examined it explicitly and as part of real cases. As a consequence, they often leave the myths about discretion unchallenged. Inspired by the literature on discretion and CSCW research on rules in action, this study reports on an empirical investigation of discretion in child protection services in Denmark. The results of our analysis provide a new understanding of discretion as a cooperative endeavour, based on consultation and skill, rather than an arbitrary or idiosyncratic choice. In this manner, our study contradicts the myth of discretion inherent in the automation agenda. Correspondingly, we ask for attention to be given to systems that integrate discretion with technology rather than seek to undermine it directly or get around it surreptitiously. In this age of automation, this is not only an important but also an urgent task for CSCW researchers to fulfil. VL - 29 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Think with me, or think for me? On the future role of artificial intelligence in marketing strategy formulation JF - The TQM Journal Y1 - 2020 A1 - Theresa, Eriksson A1 - Alessandro, Bigi A1 - Michelle, Bonera A1 - Eriksson, Theresa A1 - Bigi, Alessandro A1 - Bonera, Michelle A1 - Theresa, Eriksson A1 - Alessandro, Bigi A1 - Michelle, Bonera KW - AI KW - artificial intelligence KW - creativity KW - marketing strategy KW - marketing synergy KW - paper type research paper KW - rationality KW - tqm AB - Purpose This paper explores if and how Artificial Intelligence can contribute to marketing strategy formulation.Design/methodology/approach Qualitative research based on exploratory in-depth interviews with industry experts currently working with artificial intelligence tools.Findings Key themes include: (1) Importance of AI in strategic marketing decision management; (2) Presence of AI in strategic decision management; (3) Role of AI in strategic decision management; (4) Importance of business culture for the use of AI; (5) Impact of AI on the business' organizational model. A key consideration is a “creative-possibility perspective,” highlighting the future potential to use AI not only for rational but also for creative thinking purposes.Research limitations/implications This work is focused only on strategy creation as a deliberate process. For this, AI can be used as an effective response to the external contingencies of high volumes of data and uncertain environmental conditions, as well as being an effective response to the external contingencies of limited managerial cognition. A key future consideration is a “creative-possibility perspective.”Practical implications A practical extension of the Gartner Analytics Ascendancy Model (Maoz, 2013).Originality/value This paper aims to contribute knowledge relating to the role of AI in marketing strategy formulation and explores the potential avenues for future use of AI in the strategic marketing process. This is explored through the lens of contingency theory, and additionally, findings are expressed using the Gartner analytics ascendancy model. VL - ahead-of-p SN - 1754-2731 UR - https://doi.org/10.1108/TQM-12-2019-0303 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - The future of the work in America Y1 - 2019 A1 - Susan Lund A1 - James Manyika A1 - Liz Hilton Segal A1 - Andre Dua A1 - Bryan Hancock A1 - Scott Rutherford A1 - Brent Macon KW - consulting reports JF - McKinsey Global Institute UR - https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/the-future-of-work-in-america-people-and-places-today-and-tomorrow ER - TY - Generic T1 - The future of women at work Y1 - 2019 A1 - Anu Madgavkar A1 - James Manyika A1 - Mekala Krishnan A1 - Kweilin Ellingrud A1 - Lareina Yee A1 - Jonathan Woetzel A1 - Michael Chui A1 - Vivian Hunt A1 - Sruti Balakrishnan KW - consulting reports VL - McKinsey Global Institute UR - https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/gender%20equality/the%20future%20of%20women%20at%20work%20transitions%20in%20the%20age%20of%20automation/mgi-the-future-of-women-at-work-full-report-june%202019.ashx ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Ten ways the precautionary principle undermines progress in artificial intelligence Y1 - 2019 A1 - Daniel Castro A1 - Michael McLaughlin KW - consulting reports JF - Information Technology & Innovation Foundation UR - https://itif.org/publications/2019/02/04/ten-ways-precautionary-principle-undermines-progress-artificial-intelligence ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Automated Classification of chest X-ray images as normal or abnormal using Convolutional Neural Network JF - Asian Journal of Convergence in Technology Y1 - 2018 A1 - Aayushi Gupta A1 - Anupama C A1 - P Indumathi A1 - Anuj Kumar KW - classification KW - machine learning KW - radiology AB - Chest X-Rays are generally used for diagnosing abnormalities in the thoracic area. Radiologists need to spend significant amount of time for interpreting scans. Automatic classification of these images could greatly help radiology interpretation process by enhancing real world diagnosis of problems. Hence, radiologists can focus on detecting abnormalities from the abnormal images rather than checking for it in all the images. In this paper, we present a machine learning approach to solve this problem. Here, the algorithm uses COnvolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to learn and classify chest X-ray images as normal or abnormal based on image features. VL - 4 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The discourse approach to boundary identification and corpus construction for theory review articles JF - Journal of the Association for Information Systems Y1 - 2018 A1 - Kai R. Larsen A1 - Dirik S. Hovorka A1 - Alan R. Dennis A1 - Jevin D. West KW - article identification KW - boundary identification KW - citation search KW - keyword search KW - literature review KW - machine learning KW - research review KW - review article UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325215971_Understanding_the_Elephant_The_Discourse_Approach_to_Boundary_Identification_and_Corpus_Construction_for_Theory_Review_Articles ER - TY - RPRT T1 - The evolving role of ICT in the economy Y1 - 2018 A1 - Mirko Draca A1 - Ralf Martin A1 - Rosa Sanchis-Guarner KW - consulting reports JF - The London School of Economics and Political Science UR - http://www.lse.ac.uk/business-and-consultancy/consulting/consulting-reports/the-evolving-role-of-ict-in-the-economy ER - TY - JOUR T1 - How real is the impact of artificial intelligence? The business information survey 2018 JF - Business Information Review Y1 - 2018 A1 - Carter, Denise KW - Artificial Intelligence (AI) KW - blockchain KW - chatbot KW - cybersecurity KW - data economy KW - data governance KW - data lakes KW - data literacy KW - data quality KW - data trusts KW - data value KW - ethics KW - information literacy KW - intelligent virtual agents KW - machine learning (ML) KW - Robotics VL - 35 UR - http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0266382118790150 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Making progress with the automation of systematic reviews: principles of the International Collaboration for the Automation of Systematic Reviews (ICASR) JF - Systematic Reviews Y1 - 2018 A1 - Elaine Beller A1 - Justin Clark A1 - Guy Tsafnat A1 - Clive Adams A1 - Heinz Diehl A1 - Hans Lund A1 - Mourad Ouzzani A1 - Kristina Thayer A1 - James Thomas A1 - Tari Turner A1 - Jun Xia A1 - Karen Robinson A1 - Paul Glasziou KW - automation KW - Collaboration KW - Systematic review AB - Systematic reviews (SR) are vital to health care, but have become complicated and time-consuming, due to the rapid expansion of evidence to be synthesised. Fortunately, many tasks of systematic reviews have the potential to be automated or may be assisted by automation. Recent advances in natural language processing, text mining and machine learning have produced new algorithms that can accurately mimic human endeavour in systematic review activity, faster and more cheaply. Automation tools need to be able to work together, to exchange data and results. Therefore, we initiated the International Collaboration for the Automation of Systematic Reviews (ICASR), to successfully put all the parts of automation of systematic review production together. The first meeting was held in Vienna in October 2015. We established a set of principles to enable tools to be developed and integrated into toolkits. This paper sets out the principles devised at that meeting, which cover the need for improvement in efficiency of SR tasks, automation across the spectrum of SR tasks, continuous improvement, adherence to high quality standards, flexibility of use and combining components, the need for a collaboration and varied skills, the desire for open source, shared code and evaluation, and a requirement for replicability through rigorous and open evaluation. Automation has a great potential to improve the speed of systematic reviews. Considerable work is already being done on many of the steps involved in a review. The 'Vienna Principles' set out in this paper aim to guide a more coordinated effort which will allow the integration of work by separate teams and build on the experience, code and evaluations done by the many teams working across the globe. PB - Springer IS - 77 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Robot vs. tax inspector or how the fourth industrial revolution will change the tax system: a review of problems and solutions JF - Journal of Tax Reform Y1 - 2018 A1 - Vishnevsky, Valentine P. A1 - Chekina, Viktoriia D. KW - blockchain KW - cyber-physical technologies KW - digitization KW - taxes in Big Data KW - taxes on cryptocurrencies KW - taxes on digital goods KW - taxes on robots AB - The fourth Industiral Revolution and the accelerated development of cyber-physical technologies lead to essential changes in national tax systems and international taxation. The main areas in which taxation meets cyber-physical technologies are digitization, robotization, M2M and blockchain technologies. Each of these areas has its own opportunities and problems. Three main approaches towards possible solutions for these new problems are identified. The first is to try to apply taxation to new cyber-physical technologies and products of their application. This approach includes the OECD's Action 1 plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting. It also includes the spread of traditional taxes on new objects - personal data, cryptocurrencies, imputed income of robots. The second is to replace digital transactions and shortfalls in revenues by traditional objects of taxation in the form of tangible assets and people and / or increase tax pressure (including by improving tax administration with use of Big Data) and the degree of progressiveness of taxes already levied on such objects. The third approach is to set a course on building a new tax space with smart taxes based on real-time principles, smart contracts and Big Data. This implies a transition to automatic taxation using blockchain technologies, which focus on the functions of applying distributed ledgers of business transactions in real-time. At present, the general trends are such that the first and second are prevalent, which is manifested in an increase in the relative importance of property, sales and employment taxes. Concerning the third approach, any movement in this direction is still facing a number oftechnical and other problems and is thus being discussed mainly at the conceptual level VL - 4 UR - https://jtr.urfu.ru/en/archive/journal/95/article/1113/ IS - 1 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - The future of skills employment in 2030 Y1 - 2017 KW - consulting reports JF - Pearson UR - https://futureskills.pearson.com/research/assets/pdfs/technical-report.pdf ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Jobs lost, jobs gained: Workforce transactions in a time of automation Y1 - 2017 A1 - James Manyika A1 - Susan Lund A1 - Michael Chui A1 - Jonathan Woetzel A1 - Ryan Ko A1 - Saurabh Sanghvi A1 - Parul Batra A1 - Jacques Bughin KW - consulting reports JF - McKinsey Global Institute UR - https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/future%20of%20organizations/what%20the%20future%20of%20work%20will%20mean%20for%20jobs%20skills%20and%20wages/mgi-jobs-lost-jobs-gained-report-december-6-2017.ashx ER - TY - CONF T1 - Putting the Pieces Back Together Again: Contest Webs for Large-Scale Problem Solving T2 - Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing Y1 - 2017 A1 - Malone, Thomas W. A1 - Jeffrey V Nickerson A1 - Laubacher, Robert J. A1 - Fisher, Laur Hesse A1 - de Boer, Patrick A1 - Han, Yue A1 - Towne, W. Ben KW - climate change KW - collective intelligence KW - contest webs KW - contests KW - Coordination KW - incentives KW - knowledge reuse JF - Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing PB - ACM CY - New York, NY, USA SN - 978-1-4503-4335-0 UR - http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2998181.2998343 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Artificial intelligence for the real world: Don't start with moon shots Y1 - 2015 A1 - Thomas H. Davenport A1 - Rajeev Ronanki KW - consulting reports JF - Harvard Business Review UR - https://hbr.org/2018/01/artificial-intelligence-for-the-real-world ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Design concepts of computer-aided integrated manufacturing systems: Work-psychological concepts and empirical findings JF - International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics Y1 - 1994 A1 - C. Kirsh A1 - O. Strohm A1 - E. Ulich KW - Computer-Integrated-Manufacturing CIM KW - Organizational design KW - Production design concepts KW - Socio-technical system approach KW - Work psychology KW - Work-orientation AB - The research project "GRIPS" is investigating the design of computer-aided integrated manufacturing systems from a work psychological perspective. The goal is to develop and empirically support adequate design concepts. The project consists of three phases. Evidence from a broad questionnaire survey indicates that most CIM implementations fail to meet expectations associated therewith. Based on the assumption that only the joint optimization of social and technical system results in humane working conditions and economic efficiency, implementations and use of CIM systems has been investigated in 60 companies in Switzerland. THe conceptual framework distinguishes technically-oriented and work-oriented design concepts on four levels; the enterprise, the organizational unit, the group and the individual. Work-oriented manufacturing systems - as opposed to technically-oriented ones - are characterized by decentralization, functional integration, work in self-regulated groups and complete and challenging tasks. The findings support the hypothesis that work-oriented design concepts are related to higher efficiency and better achievement of goals and pursued with the use of new technologies. In the third phase 12 companies have been selected for detailed case studies: The companies are comparable concerning product range and manufacturing conditions but different on the level of work-orientation. PB - Elsevier VL - 17 ER -