@article {Clifton2020,
	title = {When machines think for us: The consequences for work and place},
	journal = {Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {3{\textendash}23},
	abstract = {The relationship between technology and work, and concerns about the displacement effects of technology and the organisation of work, have a long history. The last decade has seen the proliferation of academic papers, consultancy reports and news articles about the possible effects of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on work-creating visions of both utopian and dystopian workplace futures. AI has the potential to transform the demand for labour, the nature of work and operational infrastructure by solving complex problems with high efficiency and speed. However, despite hundreds of reports and studies, AI remains an enigma, a newly emerging technology, and its rate of adoption and implications for the structure of work are still only beginning to be understood. The current anxiety about labour displacement anticipates the growth and direct use of AI. Yet, in many ways, at present AI is likely being overestimated in terms of impact. Still, an increasing body of research argues the consequences for work will be highly uneven and depend on a range of factors, including place, economic activity, business culture, education levels and gender, among others. We appraise the history and the blurry boundaries around the definitions of AI. We explore the debates around the extent of job augmentation, substitution, destruction and displacement by examining the empirical basis of claims, rather than mere projections. Explorations of corporate reactions to the prospects of AI penetration, and the role of consultancies in prodding firms to embrace the technology, represent another perspective onto our inquiry. We conclude by exploring the impacts of AI changes in the quantity and quality of labour on a range of social, geographic and governmental outcomes.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, automation, bias in machine learning, geography of technology, job displacement and growth},
	issn = {17521386},
	doi = {10.1093/cjres/rsaa004},
	author = {Clifton, Judith and Clifton, Judith and Glasmeier, Amy and Gray, Mia}
}
@booklet {Commission2020,
	title = {White Paper on Artificial Intelligence - A European approach to excellence and trust},
	howpublished = {COM(2020) 65 final},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Predicting the binding mode of flexible polypeptides to proteins is an important task that falls outside the domain of applicability of most small molecule and protein-protein docking tools. Here, we test the small molecule flexible ligand docking program Glide on a set of 19 non-α-helical peptides and systematically improve pose prediction accuracy by enhancing Glide sampling for flexible polypeptides. In addition, scoring of the poses was improved by post-processing with physics-based implicit solvent MM- GBSA calculations. Using the best RMSD among the top 10 scoring poses as a metric, the success rate (RMSD <= 2.0 {\r A} for the interface backbone atoms) increased from 21\% with default Glide SP settings to 58\% with the enhanced peptide sampling and scoring protocol in the case of redocking to the native protein structure. This approaches the accuracy of the recently developed Rosetta FlexPepDock method (63\% success for these 19 peptides) while being over 100 times faster. Cross-docking was performed for a subset of cases where an unbound receptor structure was available, and in that case, 40\% of peptides were docked successfully. We analyze the results and find that the optimized polypeptide protocol is most accurate for extended peptides of limited size and number of formal charges, defining a domain of applicability for this approach.},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781107415324A009/type/book_part},
	author = {Commission, European}
}
@article {2019,
	title = {What happens when the jobs disappear?},
	volume = {The Superintendent journal},
	year = {2019},
	url = {https://super.journalxr.com/journal/index.php/TSJ},
	author = {Andrew Yang}
}
@article {2019,
	title = {Why artificial intelligence will not outsmart complex knowledge work},
	journal = {Work, Employment and Society},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-12-2019},
	pages = {1058 - 1067},
	issn = {0950-0170},
	doi = {10.1177/0950017018817489},
	author = {Pettersen, Lene}
}
@conference {2019,
	title = {Why small data holds the key to the future of artificial intelligence},
	booktitle = {8th International Conference on Data Science, Technology and ApplicationsProceedings of the 8th International Conference on Data Science, Technology and Applications},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {340 - 347},
	publisher = {SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications},
	organization = {SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications},
	address = {Prague, Czech Republic},
	doi = {10.5220/0007956203400347},
	author = {Greco, Ciro and Polonioli, Andrea and Tagliabue, Jacopo}
}
@article {2019,
	title = {Why we are failing to understand the societal impact of artificial intelligence},
	journal = {Social research: An international quarterly},
	volume = {86},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {pp. 477-498},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/732186},
	author = {Lorena Jaume-Palasi}
}
@article {2019,
	title = {Will Artificial Intelligence Replace Radiologists?},
	journal = {Radiology: Artificial Intelligence},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-05-2019},
	pages = {e190058},
	doi = {10.1148/ryai.2019190058},
	author = {Langlotz, Curtis P.}
}
@article {2019,
	title = {Will artificial intelligence take over human resources recruitment and selection?},
	journal = {Network Intelligence Studies},
	volume = {VII},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, human resources information systems, recruitment and selection},
	url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cmj/networ/y2019i13p21-30.html},
	author = {Bilal Hmoud and Varallya Laszlo}
}
@article {2019,
	title = {Will machine learning end the viability of radiology as a thriving medical specialty?},
	journal = {The British Journal of Radiology},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-02-2019},
	pages = {20180416},
	issn = {0007-1285},
	doi = {10.1259/bjr.20180416},
	author = {Chan, Stephen and Siegel, Eliot L}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {When Will AI Exceed Human Performance? Evidence from AI Experts},
	year = {2018},
	url = {https://jair.org/index.php/jair/article/download/11222/26431/},
	author = {Katja Grace and John Salvatier and Allan Dafoe and Baobao Zhang and Owain Evans}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {Will artificial intelligence solve the human resource crisis in healthcare?},
	journal = {BMC Health Services Research},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-12-2018},
	doi = {10.1186/s12913-018-3359-4},
	author = {Mesk{\'o}, Bertalan and Het{\'e}nyi, Gergely and Gy{\H o}rffy, Zsuzsanna}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {Work and organizational psychology looks at the fourth industrial revolution: How to support workers and organizations? },
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Apr-11-2020},
	doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02365},
	author = {Ghislieri, Chiara and Molino, Monica and Cortese, Claudio G.}
}
@conference {2018,
	title = {Work that Enables Care: Understanding Tasks, Automation, and the National Health Service},
	booktitle = {iConference},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	abstract = {Automation of jobs is discussed as a threat to many job occupations, but in the UK healthcare sector many view technology and automation as a way to save a threatened system. However, existing quantitative models that rely on occupation-level measures of the likelihood of automation suggest that few healthcare occupations are susceptible to automation. In order to improve these quantitative models, we focus on the potential impacts of task-level automation on health work, using qualitative ethnographic research to understand the mundane information work in general practices. By understanding the detailed tasks and variations of information work, we are building a more complete and accurate understanding of how healthcare staff work and interact with technology and with each other, often mediated by technology.},
	keywords = {automation, Ethnography, Primary care, Sociotechnical},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-78105-1_60},
	author = {Matt WIllis and Eric T. Meyer}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {Working and organizing in the age of the learning algorithm},
	journal = {Information and Organization},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-03-2018},
	pages = {62 - 70},
	issn = {14717727},
	doi = {10.1016/j.infoandorg.2018.02.005},
	author = {Faraj, Samer and Pachidi, Stella and Sayegh, Karla}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {Working and organizing in the age of the learning algorithm},
	journal = {Information and Organization},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	chapter = {62-70},
	abstract = {Learning algorithms, technologies that generate responses, classifications, or dynamic predictions that resemble those of a knowledge worker, raise important research questions for organizational scholars related to work and organizing. We suggest that such algorithms are distinguished by four consequential aspects: black-boxed performance, comprehensive digitization, anticipatory quantification, and hidden politics. These aspects are likely to alter work and organizing in qualitatively different ways beyond simply signaling an acceleration of long-term technology trends. Our analysis indicates that learning algorithms will transform expertise in organizations, reshape work and occupational boundaries, and offer novel forms of coordination and control. Thus, learning algorithms can be considered performative due to the extent to which their use can shape and alter work and organizational realities. Their rapid deployment requires scholarly attention to societal issues such as extent to which the algorithm is authorized to make decisions, the need to incorporate morality in the technology, and their digital iron-cage potential.},
	doi = {10.1016/j.inforandorg.2018.02.005},
	author = {Samer Faraj and Stella Pachidi and Karla Sayegh}
}
@article {2017,
	title = {What to expect from artificial intelligence},
	journal = { MIT SLOAN MANAGEMENT REVIEW },
	volume = {58},
	year = {2017},
	note = {To understand how advances in artificial intelligence are
likely to change the workplace {\textemdash} and the work of managers
{\textemdash} you need to know where AI delivers the most value.},
	url = {http://ilp.mit.edu/media/news_articles/smr/2017/58311.pdf},
	author = {Ajay Agrawal and Joshua S. Gans and Avi Goldfarb}
}
@article {2017,
	title = {When you{\textquoteright}re not quite sure if your teacher is human},
	year = {2017},
	month = {05/2017},
	url = {https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2017/05/08/524550295/when-youre-not-quite-sure-if-your-teacher-is-human},
	author = {Tasnim Shamma}
}
@article {2017,
	title = {Where is technology taking the economy},
	year = {2017},
	month = {10/2017},
	url = {mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/where-is-technology-taking-the-economy},
	author = {W. Brian Arthur}
}
@article {2017,
	title = {Will Life Be Worth Living in a World Without Work? Technological Unemployment and the Meaning of Life},
	journal = {Science and Engineering Ethics},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-02-2017},
	pages = {41 - 64},
	issn = {1353-3452},
	doi = {10.1007/s11948-016-9770-5},
	author = {Danaher, John}
}
@article {2017,
	title = {Will Life Be Worth Living in a World Without Work? Technological Unemployment and the Meaning of Life},
	journal = {Science and Engineering Ethics},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {Springer},
	chapter = {41-64},
	abstract = {Suppose we are about to enter an era of increasing technological unemployment. What implications does this have for society? Two distinct ethical/social issues would seem to arise. The first is one of distributive justice: how will the (presumed) efficiency gains from automated labour be distributed through society? The second is one of personal fulfillment and meaning: if people no longer have to work, what will they do with their lives? In this article, I set aside the first issue and focus on the second. In doing so, I make three arguments. First I argue that there are good reasons to embrace non-work and that these reasons become more compelling in an era of technological unemployment. Second, I argue that the technological advances that make widespread technological unemployment possible could still threaten or undermine human flourishing and meaning, especially if (as is to be expected) they do not remain confined to the economic sphere. And third, I argue that this threat could be contained if we adopt an integrative approach to our relationship with technology. In advancing these arguments, I draw on three distinct literatures: (1) the literature on technological unemployment and workplace automation; (2) the antiwork critique - which I argue gives reasons to embrace technological unemployment; and (3) the philosophical debate about the conditions for meaning in life - which I argue gives reasons for concern.},
	keywords = {Antiwork, automation, Egalitarianism, Freedom, Meaning of life, Technological unemployment, Transhumanism},
	doi = {10.1007s/11948-016-9770-5},
	author = {John Danaher}
}
@article {2017,
	title = {Workforce of the future: The competing forces shaping 2030},
	year = {2017},
	url = {https://www.pwc.co.uk/economic-services/ukeo/pwc-uk-economic-outlook-full-report-march-2017-v2.pdf},
	author = {Carol Stubbings Stubbings and Jon Williams}
}
@article {2017,
	title = {Working algorithms: Software automation and the future of work},
	journal = {Work and Occupations},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Nov-11-2018},
	pages = {376 - 423},
	issn = {0730-8884},
	doi = {10.1177/0730888417726119},
	author = {Shestakofsky, Benjamin}
}
@article {2016,
	title = {Will computers put us out of work? },
	journal = {Computer},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Jan-05-2016},
	pages = {82 - 85},
	issn = {0018-9162},
	doi = {10.1109/MC.2016.126},
	author = {King, John Leslie and Grudin, Jonathan}
}
@article {2016,
	title = {A world where everyone has a robot: Why 2040 could blow your mind},
	journal = {International weekly journal of science},
	year = {2016},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/news/a-world-where-everyone-has-a-robot-why-2040-could-blow-your-mind-1.19431},
	author = {Declan Butler}
}
@article {2015,
	title = {Who owns the robots rules the world},
	journal = {IZA World of Labor},
	year = {2015},
	month = {Jan-01-2015},
	doi = {10.15185/izawol.5},
	author = {Freeman, Richard}
}
@article {2015,
	title = {Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {3-30},
	issn = {0895-3309},
	doi = {10.1257/jep.29.3.3},
	url = {http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/jep.29.3.3},
	author = {Autor, David H.}
}
@article {RN30621,
	title = {Will humans go the way of horses},
	journal = {Foreign Affairs},
	volume = {94},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {8},
	type = {Journal Article},
	author = {Erik Brynjolfsson and McAfee, Andrew}
}
@article {2006,
	title = {The Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work.},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
	volume = {91},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan-01-2006},
	pages = {1321 - 1339},
	issn = {0021-9010},
	doi = {10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1321},
	author = {Morgeson, Frederick P. and Humphrey, Stephen E.}
}
@inbook {2003,
	title = {Work design},
	booktitle = {Handbook of Psychology: Industrial and Organizational Psychology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {423{\textendash}452},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {Hoboken, NY},
	author = {Frederick P. Morgeson and Campion, Michael A.},
	editor = {W. Borman and Ilgen, D. and Klimoski, R.}
}
@book {1980,
	title = {Work Redesign},
	year = {1980},
	publisher = {Addison-Wesley},
	organization = {Addison-Wesley},
	address = {Reading, MA},
	author = {J. Richard Hackman and Oldham, G. R.}
}
