@proceedings {9999,
	title = {Impacts of the Use of Machine Learning on Work Design},
	year = {2020},
	month = {11/2020},
	publisher = {ACM},
	address = {Virtual Event, NSW, Australia},
	abstract = {<p>The increased pervasiveness of technological advancements in automation makes it urgent to address the question of how work is changing in response. Focusing on applications of machine learning (ML) to automate information tasks, we draw on a simple framework for identifying the impacts of an automated system on a task that suggests 3 patterns for the use of ML{\textemdash}decision support, blended decision making and complete automation. In this paper, we extend this framework by considering how automation of one task might have implications for interdependent tasks and how automation applies to coordination mechanisms.</p>},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, automation, Coordination, machine learning, work design},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-8054-6/20/11},
	doi = {10.1145/3406499.3415070},
	attachments = {https://waim.network/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Impacts_of_ML_for_HAI_2020.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Bolici, Francesco}
}
@article {Reim2020,
	title = {Implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI): A Roadmap for Business Model Innovation},
	journal = {AI},
	volume = {1},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {180{\textendash}191},
	abstract = {Technical advancements within the subject of artificial intelligence (AI) leads towards development of human-like machines, able to operate autonomously and mimic our cognitive behavior. The progress and interest among managers, academics and the public has created a hype among many industries, and many firms are investing heavily to capitalize on the technology through business model innovation. However, managers are left with little support from academia when aiming to implement AI in their firm{\textquoteright}s operations, which leads to an increased risk of project failure and unwanted results. This paper aims to provide a deeper understanding of AI and how it can be used as a catalyst for business model innovation. Due to the increasing range and variety of the available published material, a literature review has been performed to gather current knowledge within AI business model innovation. The results are presented in a roadmap to guide the implementation of AI to firm{\textquoteright}s operations. Our presented findings suggest four steps when implementing AI: (1) understand AI and organizational capabilities needed for digital transformation; (2) understand current BM, potential for BMI, and business ecosystem role; (3) develop and refine capabilities needed to implement AI; and (4) reach organizational acceptance and develop internal competencies.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, business model innovation, business models, implementation},
	issn = {2673-2688},
	doi = {10.3390/ai1020011},
	author = {Reim, Wiebke and {\r A}str{\"o}m, Josef and Eriksson, Oliver}
}
@article {Jung2020,
	title = {Industrial robots, employment growth, and labor cost: A simultaneous equation analysis},
	journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
	volume = {159},
	number = {June},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {120202},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {In recent years, the global rapid expansion of industrial robots has induced ever-increasing concerns for the cause and effect of such growth, particularly with regard to its relationship with labor. This paper analyzes the factors underlying the adoption of industrial robots, employment growth and structure, and labor costs, taking into account the two-way causalities between these variables. For the empirical analysis, we use the three-stage least squares (3SLS) method for the system of simultaneous equations and apply it to the panel data constructed for 42 countries. Explanatory variables for each equation include the dependent variables of other equations and exogenous variables, such as the labor market environment, physical and human capital, and country-specific social environment. The empirical results of the present study indicate that the increase in both unit labor costs and hourly compensation level induces an extensive application of industrial robots. Subsequently, the expansion of industrial robots leads to a reduction of unit labor costs; however, the hourly compensation level increases, implying that the productivity-enhancing effect exceeds the wage-increasing effect of industrial robots. The extensive use of industrial robots tends to suppress employment growth, confirming the labor-substituting effect of industrial robots; the observed trend disproportionately affects low-skilled labor.},
	keywords = {Compensation level, Employment growth, Industrial robots, Labor cost, Simultaneous equation analysis},
	issn = {00401625},
	doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120202},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120202},
	author = {Jung, Jin Hwa and Lim, Dong Geon}
}
@booklet {Grimshaw2020,
	title = {International organisations and the future of work: How new technologies and inequality shaped the narratives in 2019},
	howpublished = {Journal of Industrial Relations},
	volume = {62},
	number = {3},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {477{\textendash}507},
	abstract = {In a critical review of seven prominent flagship reports from five international organisations {\textendash} the International Labour Organization (ILO), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and World Bank {\textendash} this article explores how the policy narratives set out during 2019 and early 2020 have characterised the major future of work challenges associated with new technologies and inequality. It identifies some similarities in viewpoints, including about the unevenness of job changes caused by new technologies and about the declining labour income share, a key measure of inequality. However, there are major points of differentiation. The ILO, OECD and UNDP express serious concerns about the interaction between new technologies and growing inequalities, on the one hand, and a rise in precarious work, concentration of corporate power and erosion of labour bargaining power on the other. Also, UNIDO emphasises the inequalities in technological capacities between developed and developing countries, which make it difficult for markets to distribute the gains from growth evenly. While the World Bank makes some concessions, it remains less open to real-world heterodox evidence about how labour markets function in society. The World Bank aside, there is a growing consensus that labour institutions around the world need to be reinvigorated in order to respond to the challenges facing the future of work.},
	keywords = {future of work, Inequality, International Labour Organization, international organisations, labour income share, new technologies},
	issn = {14729296},
	doi = {10.1177/0022185620913129},
	author = {Grimshaw, Damian}
}
@conference {2019,
	title = {IBM Talent Management Solutions The role of AI in mitigating bias to enhance diversity and inclusion},
	year = {2019},
	note = {In this paper, we examine the nature of diversity and inclusion (D\&I), explore biases as an inhibitor to more diverse and inclusive workplaces, and provide insights into the role that AI can play in mitigating biases. We then offer practical recommendations to organizations who are looking to adopt AI in their HR practices.},
	month = {03/2019},
	url = {https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/2DZELQ4O},
	author = {Haiyan Zhang and Sheri Feinzi and Louise Raisbec and Iain McCombe and Nigel Guenol and Jenny Montalt and Kimberley Messe}
}
@article {2019,
	title = {The impact of automation technologies for employment in Northern Ireland},
	year = {2019},
	publisher = {Nevin Economic Research Institute},
	keywords = {economics of automation},
	url = {https://www.nerinstitute.net/research/the-future-of-work-the-impact-of-automation-techno-1/},
	author = {Lisa Wilson and Paul Mac Flynn}
}
@article {2019,
	title = {The impact of emerging technologies on work: a review of the evidence and implications for the human resource function},
	journal = {Emerald Open Research},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jan-01-2019},
	pages = {5},
	doi = {10.12688/emeraldopenres.12907.1},
	author = {Parry, Emma and Battista, Valentina}
}
@conference {2019,
	title = {Impacts of Artificial Intelligence on Public Administration: A Systematic Literature Review},
	booktitle = {2019 14th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI)},
	year = {2019},
	isbn = {978-989-98434-9-3},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8760778},
	author = {Jo{\~a}o Reis and Paula Esp{\'\i}rito Santo and Lisbon, Portugal and Nuno Mel{\~a}o}
}
@proceedings {9999,
	title = {Impacts of machine learning on work},
	year = {2019},
	address = {Wailea, HI},
	abstract = {<p>The increased pervasiveness of technological advancements in automation makes it urgent to address the question of how work is changing in response. Focusing on applications of machine learning (ML) that automate information tasks, we present a simple framework for identifying the impacts of an automated system on a task. From an analysis of popular press articles about ML, we develop 3 patterns for the use of ML--decision support, blended decision making and complete automation--with implications for the kinds of tasks and systems. We further consider how automation of one task might have implications for other interdependent tasks. Our main conclusion is that designers have a range of options for systems and that automation of tasks is not the same as automation of work.</p>},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, automation, machine learning, work design},
	doi = {10.24251/HICSS.2019.719},
	url = { http://hdl.handle.net/10125/60031},
	attachments = {https://waim.network/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Impacts_of_machine_learning_on_work__revision_.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Bolici, Francesco}
}
@article {2019,
	title = {In the age of the smart artificial intelligence: AI{\textquoteright}s dual capacities for automating and informating work},
	journal = {Business Information Review},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Dec-10-2020},
	pages = {026638211988399},
	publisher = {Sage},
	abstract = {Recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) have generated tidal waves, which are shaking the foundation of organizations and businesses. Even though AI is considered an unprecedented disruptive force for work automation, much can be learned from current research on the computerization of work. Drawing on the seminal work of Shoshana Zuboff, this article provides a balanced perspective on the dual affordances of AI systems for automating and informating work. Whereas AI offers unique capacities for automating cognitive work that once required high-skill workers, it may be a source of unintended consequences such as cognitive complacency or de-skilling workers. To overcome such effects, the informating capacities of AI systems can be invoked to augment work, generate a more comprehensive perspective on organization, and finally equip workers with new sets of intellectual skills.

},
	keywords = {Algorithmic management, artificial intelligence, augmentation, automating, informating, intelligent machine},
	issn = {0266-3821},
	doi = {10.1177/0266382119883999},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0266382119883999},
	attachments = {https://waim.network/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/In\%20the\%20Age\%20of\%20the\%20Smart\%20Artificial\%20Intelligence\%20AI\%E2\%80\%99s\%20Dual\%20Capacities\%20for\%20Automating\%20and\%20Informating.pdf},
	author = {Jarrahi, Mohammad Hossein}
}
@conference {2019,
	title = {Inferring work task automatability from AI expert evidence},
	booktitle = {the 2019 AAAI/ACM ConferenceProceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society  - AIES {\textquoteright}19},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {485 - 491},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	organization = {ACM Press},
	address = {Honolulu, HI, USANew York, New York, USA},
	isbn = {9781450363242},
	doi = {10.1145/330661810.1145/3306618.3314247},
	author = {Duckworth, Paul and Graham, Logan and Osborne, Michael}
}
@article {2019,
	title = {Integrating ethical values and economic value to steer progress in Artificial Intelligenc},
	year = {2019},
	month = {08/2019},
	keywords = {ethics},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w26130},
	author = {Anton Korinek}
}
@article {2019,
	title = {Introduction: The Future of Jobs in an Increasingly Autonomous Economy},
	journal = {Journal of Management Inquiry},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Jun-07-2021},
	pages = {298 - 299},
	issn = {1056-4926},
	doi = {10.1177/1056492619827373},
	author = {Choi, David Y. and Kang, Jae Hyeung}
}
@article {2018,
	title = { IBM Watson Talent The Business Case for AI in HR With Insights and Tips on Getting Started },
	year = {2018},
	url = {https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/AGKXJX6M},
	author = {Nigel Guenole and Sheri Feinzig}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {Identifying factors reinforcing robotization: Interactive forces of employment, working hour and wage},
	journal = {Sustainability},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-02-2018},
	pages = {490},
	doi = {10.3390/su10020490},
	author = {Cho, Joonmo and Kim, Jinha}
}
@conference {2018,
	title = {Image Recognition of Disease-Carrying Insects: A System for Combating Infectious Diseases Using Image Classification Techniques and Citizen Science},
	booktitle = {Hawaii International Conference on System SciencesProceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
	organization = {Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
	doi = {10.24251/HICSS.2018.00010.24251/HICSS.2018.359},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10125/49887http://hdl.handle.net/10125/50247},
	author = {Munoz, J. Pablo and Boger, Rebecca and Dexter, Scott and Low, Russanne and Li, Justin}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {Imagining a future of work that fosters mobility for all},
	year = {2018},
	url = {https://www.mobilitypartnership.org/imagining-future-work-fosters-mobility-all},
	author = {Lawrence Katz and Ai-Jen Poo and Elaine Waxman}
}
@conference {2018,
	title = {The impact of artificial intelligence on the HR function},
	booktitle = {IES Perspectives on HR 2018},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {HR},
	url = {https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/mp142_The_impact_of_Artificial_Intelligence_on_the_HR_function-Peter_Reilly.pdf},
	author = {Peter Reilly}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {The impact of automation on employment: Just the usual structural change? },
	journal = {Sustainability},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-05-2018},
	pages = {1661},
	doi = {10.3390/su10051661},
	author = {Vermeulen, Ben and Kesselhut, Jan and Pyka, Andreas and Saviotti, Pier}
}
@article {2018,
	title = { The impact of industrial robots on eu employment and wages: A local labour market approach},
	year = {2018},
	month = {04/2018},
	publisher = {bruegel},
	keywords = {economics of automation},
	url = {https://bruegel.org/2018/04/the-impact-of-industrial-robots-on-eu-employment-and-wages-a-local-labour-market-approach/},
	author = {Francesco Chiacchio and Georgios Petropoulos and David Pichler}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {The impact of technological progress on labour markets: policy challenges},
	journal = {Oxford Review of Economic Policy},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Feb-07-2018},
	pages = {362 - 375},
	issn = {0266-903X},
	doi = {10.1093/oxrep/gry002},
	author = {Goos, Maarten}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {The impact of technology and globalization on employment and equity},
	journal = {International Journal of Global Sustainability},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Oct-11-2019},
	pages = {49},
	doi = {10.5296/ijgs.v3i1.14127},
	author = {Arogyaswamy, Bernard and Hunter, John}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {Implications of technology for growth, factor shares, and employment},
	journal = {American Economic Review},
	volume = {108},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-06-2018},
	pages = {1488 - 1542},
	issn = {0002-8282},
	doi = {10.1257/aer.20160696},
	author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Restrepo, Pascual}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {Improving palliative care with deep learning},
	journal = {BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-12-2018},
	doi = {10.1186/s12911-018-0677-8},
	author = {Avati, Anand and Jung, Kenneth and Harman, Stephanie and Downing, Lance and Ng, Andrew and Shah, Nigam H.}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {iNaturalist as a tool to expand the research value of museum specimens},
	journal = {Applications in Plant Sciences},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-11-2018},
	pages = {e01193},
	keywords = {AI use cases},
	doi = {10.1002/aps3.1193},
	author = {Heberling, J. Mason and Isaac, Bonnie L.}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {Industrial employment and income inequality: Evidence from panel data},
	journal = {Structural Change and Economic Dynamics},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-06-2018},
	pages = {84 - 93},
	issn = {0954349X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.strueco.2018.02.006},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0954349X17302862https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0954349X17302862?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0954349X17302862?httpAccept=text/plain},
	author = {Mehic, Adrian}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {The influence of anthropomorphic design cues and communicative agency framing on conversational agent and company perceptions},
	journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-08-2018},
	pages = {183 - 189},
	issn = {07475632},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.051},
	author = {Araujo, Theo}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {The internet and jobs opportunities and ambiguous trends},
	year = {2018},
	month = {02/2018},
	keywords = {economics of automation},
	url = {https://www.ceps.eu/system/files/PI2018_06_LP-EN-LW_InternetAndJobs.pdf},
	author = {Lorenzo Pupillo and Eli Noam and Leonard Waverman}
}
@book {2018,
	title = {Investigating ergonomics in the context of human-robot collaboration as a sociotechnical system},
	volume = {784},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {127 - 135},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	address = {Cham},
	isbn = {978-3-319-94345-9},
	issn = {2194-5357},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-94346-6_12},
	author = {R{\"u}cker, Daniel and Hornfeck, R{\"u}diger and Paetzold, Kristin},
	editor = {Chen, Jessie}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {Is IT changing the world? Conceptions of causality for information systems theorizing },
	journal = {MIS Quarterly},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1255-1280},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3370119.3370131},
	author = {M. Lynne Markus and Frantz Rowe}
}
@article {2018,
	title = {{\textquoteleft}It{\textquoteright}s either a panda or a gibbon{\textquoteright}: AI winters and the limits of deep learning},
	journal = {War on the rocks},
	year = {2018},
	type = {Commentary },
	url = {https://warontherocks.com/2018/05/its-either-a-panda-or-a-gibbon-ai-winters-and-the-limits-of-deep-learning/},
	author = {Robert Richbourg}
}
@article {2017,
	title = {Imagining the thinking machine},
	journal = {Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Aug-06-2018},
	pages = {135485651771516},
	issn = {1354-8565},
	doi = {10.1177/1354856517715164},
	author = {Natale, Simone and Ballatore, Andrea}
}
@article {2017,
	title = {Impact of robotics, RPA and AI on the insurance industry },
	journal = {The Journal of Financial Perspectives: Insurance},
	year = {2017},
	url = {https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-impact-of-robotics-rpa-and-ai-on-the-insurance-industry-challenges-and-opportunities/\%24File/ey-impact-of-robotics-rpa-and-ai-on-the-insurance-industry-challenges-and-opportunities.pdf},
	author = {Chris Lamberton and Damiano Brigo and Dave Hoy}
}
@book {2017,
	title = {Information Technology and the U.S. Workforce},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {National Academies Press},
	organization = {National Academies Press},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	isbn = {978-0-309-45402-5},
	doi = {10.17226/24649},
	url = {https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24649}
}
@article {2016,
	title = {If you{\textquoteright}re not collecting productivity data, you{\textquoteright}ll never succeed at work},
	year = {2016},
	month = {02/2016},
	url = {https://hbr.org/2016/02/if-youre-not-collecting-productivity-data-youll-never-succeed-at-work},
	author = {Michael Schrage}
}
@article {2016,
	title = {Implications of technology for growth, factor shares and employment},
	year = {2016},
	institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	doi = {10.3386/w22252},
	url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w22252.pdf},
	author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Restrepo, Pascual}
}
@article {2016,
	title = {IT drinking its own automation champagne},
	journal = {Data Informed },
	year = {2016},
	month = {11/2016},
	url = {https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/drinking-its-own-automation-champagne-tom-davenport/},
	author = {Thomas H. Davenport}
}
@conference {2015,
	title = {Intelligible Models for HealthCare},
	booktitle = {the 21th ACM SIGKDD International ConferenceProceedings of the 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining - KDD {\textquoteright}15},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1721 - 1730},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	organization = {ACM Press},
	address = {Sydney, NSW, AustraliaNew York, New York, USA},
	isbn = {9781450336642},
	doi = {10.1145/278325810.1145/2783258.2788613},
	author = {Caruana, Rich and Lou, Yin and Gehrke, Johannes and Koch, Paul and Sturm, Marc and Elhadad, Noemie}
}
@article {2014,
	title = {The impact of robotics on employment and motivation of employees in the service sector, with special reference to health care},
	journal = {Safety and Health at Work},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	month = {Jan-12-2014},
	pages = {198 - 202},
	issn = {20937911},
	doi = {10.1016/j.shaw.2014.07.003},
	author = {Qureshi, Mohammed Owais and Syed, Rumaiya Sajjad}
}
@book {2013,
	title = {Integration and implementation sciences for researching complex real-world problems},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Includes bibliographical references},
	isbn = {9781922144270},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbkj5},
	author = {Bammer and Gabriele}
}
@article {1999,
	title = {Information technology, workplace organization and the demand for skilled labor},
	year = {1999},
	institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	doi = {10.3386/w7136},
	author = {Bresnahan, Timothy and Brynjolfsson, Erik and Hitt, Lorin}
}
@proceedings {1995,
	title = {Integration of people, technology and organization: the european approach},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {957-961},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	address = {Tokyo, Japan},
	abstract = {This paper presents the general outline of new method, HITOP-D, considering the integration and joint optimization of people, technology, and organization. This method is based on the existing american methods HITOP and ACTION. It takes in account the specific european industrial context. In an iterating process the preliminary design of a project is assessed according a list of criteria of the four aspects people, technology, organization, and task design. Incongruencies are solved through a fit analysis and redesigning the original project. The performance of HITOP-D will be empirically evaluated.},
	author = {Christina Kirsch and Peter Troxier and Eberhard Ulich}
}
