@conference {Martnez-Plumed2020, title = {Does AI qualify for the job? A bidirectional model mapping labour and AI intensities}, booktitle = {AIES 2020 - Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society}, year = {2020}, pages = {94{\textendash}100}, abstract = {In this paper we present a setting for examining the relation between the distribution of research intensity in AI research and the relevance for a range of work tasks (and occupations) in current and simulated scenarios. We perform a mapping between labour and AI using a set of cognitive abilities as an intermediate layer. This setting favours a two-way interpretation to analyse (1) what impact current or simulated AI research activity has or would have on labour-related tasks and occupations, and (2) what areas of AI research activity would be responsible for a desired or undesired effect on specific labour tasks and occupations. Concretely, in our analysis we map 59 generic labour-related tasks from several worker surveys and databases to 14 cognitive abilities from the cognitive science literature, and these to a comprehensive list of 328 AI benchmarks used to evaluate progress in AI techniques. We provide this model and its implementation as a tool for simulations. We also show the effectiveness of our setting with some illustrative examples.}, keywords = {AI benchmarks, AI impact, AI intensity, Labour market, Simulation, tasks}, isbn = {9781450371100}, doi = {10.1145/3375627.3375831}, author = {Mart{\textquoteright}nez-Plumed, Fernando and Tolan, Song{\textquoteright}l and Pesole, Annarosa and Hern{\textquoteright}ndez-Orallo, Jos{\'e} and Fern{\textquoteright}ndez-Mac{\textquoteright}as, Enrique and G{\textquoteright}mez, Emilia} } @article {Bansal2020, title = {Does the Whole Exceed its Parts? The Effect of AI Explanations on Complementary Team Performance}, year = {2020}, abstract = {

Increasingly, organizations are pairing humans with AI systems to improve decision-making and reducing costs. Proponents of human-centered AI argue that team performance can even further improve when the AI model explains its recommendations. However, a careful analysis of existing literature reveals that prior studies observed improvements due to explanations only when the AI, alone, outperformed both the human and the best human-AI team. This raises an important question: can explanations lead to complementary performance, i.e., with accuracy higher than both the human and the AI working alone? We address this question by devising comprehensive studies on human-AI teaming, where participants solve a task with help from an AI system without explanations and from one with varying types of AI explanation support. We carefully controlled to ensure comparable human and AI accuracy across experiments on three NLP datasets (two for sentiment analysis and one for question answering). While we found complementary improvements from AI augmentation, they were not increased by state-of-the-art explanations compared to simpler strategies, such as displaying the AI{\textquoteright}s confidence. We show that explanations increase the chance that humans will accept the AI{\textquoteright}s recommendation regardless of whether the AI is correct. While this clarifies the gains in team performance from explanations in prior work, it poses new challenges for human-centered AI: how can we best design systems to produce complementary performance? Can we develop explanatory approaches that help humans decide whether and when to trust AI input?

}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.14779}, author = {Bansal, Gagan and Wu, Tongshuang and Zhou, Joyce and Fok, Raymond and Nushi, Besmira and Kamar, Ece and Ribeiro, Marco Tulio and Weld, Daniel S.} } @article {2019, title = {Deep learning outperformed 136 of 157 dermatologists in a head-to-head dermoscopic melanoma image classification task}, journal = {European Journal of Cancer}, volume = {113}, year = {2019}, month = {Jan-05-2019}, pages = {47 - 54}, issn = {09598049}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejca.2019.04.001}, author = {Brinker, Titus J. and Hekler, Achim and Alexander Enk and Klode, Joachim and Hauschild, Axel and Berking, Carola and Schilling, Bastian and Haferkamp, Sebastian and Schadendorf, Dirk and Holland-Letz, Tim and Jochen Sven Utikal and von Kalle, Christof and Ludwig-Peitsch, Wiebke and Sirokay, Judith and Heinzerling, Lucie and Albrecht, Magarete and Baratella, Katharina and Bischof, Lena and Chorti, Eleftheria and Dith, Anna and Drusio, Christina and Giese, Nina and Gratsias, Emmanouil and Griewank, Klaus and Hallasch, Sandra and Hanhart, Zdenka and Herz, Saskia and Hohaus, Katja and Jansen, Philipp and Jockenh{\"o}fer, Finja and Kanaki, Theodora and Knispel, Sarah and Leonhard, Katja and Martaki, Anna and Matei, Liliana and Matull, Johanna and Olischewski, Alexandra and Petri, Maximilian and Placke, Jan-Malte and Raub, Simon and Salva, Katrin and Schlott, Swantje and Sody, Elsa and Steingrube, Nadine and Stoffels, Ingo and Ugurel, Selma and Zaremba, Anne and Gebhardt, Christoffer and Booken, Nina and Christolouka, Maria and Buder-Bakhaya, Kristina and Bokor-Billmann, Therezia and Alexander Enk and Gholam, Patrick and H{\"a}n{\ss}le, Holger and Salzmann, Martin and Sch{\"a}fer, Sarah and Sch{\"a}kel, Knut and Schank, Timo and Bohne, Ann-Sophie and Deffaa, Sophia and Drerup, Katharina and Egberts, Friederike and Erkens, Anna-Sophie and Ewald, Benjamin and Falkvoll, Sandra and Gerdes, Sascha and Harde, Viola and Hauschild, Axel and Jost, Marion and Kosova, Katja and Messinger, Laetitia and Metzner, Malte and Morrison, Kirsten and Motamedi, Rogina and Pinczker, Anja and Rosenthal, Anne and Scheller, Natalie and Schwarz, Thomas and St{\"o}lzl, Dora and Thielking, Federieke and Tomaschewski, Elena and Wehkamp, Ulrike and Weichenthal, Michael and Wiedow, Oliver and B{\"a}r, Claudia Maria and Bender-S{\"a}belkampf, Sophia and Horbr{\"u}gger, Marc and Karoglan, Ante and Kraas, Luise and Faulhaber, J{\"o}rg and Geraud, Cyrill and Guo, Ze and Koch, Philipp and Linke, Miriam and Maurier, Nolwenn and M{\"u}ller, Verena and Thomas, Benjamin and Jochen Sven Utikal and Alamri, Ali Saeed M. and Baczako, Andrea and Berking, Carola and Betke, Matthias and Haas, Carolin and Hartmann, Daniela and Heppt, Markus V. and Kilian, Katharina and Krammer, Sebastian and Lapczynski, Natalie Lidia and Mastnik, Sebastian and Nasifoglu, Suzan and Ruini, Cristel and Sattler, Elke and Schlaak, Max and Wolff, Hans and Achatz, Birgit and Bergbreiter, Astrid and Drexler, Konstantin and Ettinger, Monika and Haferkamp, Sebastian and Halupczok, Anna and Hegemann, Marie and Dinauer, Verena and Maagk, Maria and Mickler, Marion and Philipp, Biance and Wilm, Anna and Wittmann, Constanze and Gesierich, Anja and Glutsch, Valerie and Kahlert, Katrin and Kerstan, Andreas and Schilling, Bastian and Schr{\"u}fer, Philipp} } @book {2019, title = {Designing AI futures: A symbiotic vision}, volume = {1083}, year = {2019}, pages = {3 - 18}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-030-29742-8}, issn = {1865-0929}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-29743-5_1}, author = {Gill, Karamjit S.}, editor = {Kravets, Alla G. and Groumpos, Peter P. and Shcherbakov, Maxim and Kultsova, Marina} } @article {2019, title = {Digital Economics}, journal = {Journal of Economic Literature}, volume = {57}, year = {2019}, month = {Jan-03-2019}, pages = {3 - 43}, issn = {0022-0515}, doi = {10.1257/jel.20171452}, author = {Goldfarb, Avi and Tucker, Catherine} } @article {2019, title = {Digital inequalities in the age of artificial intelligence and big data}, journal = {Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies}, volume = {1}, year = {2019}, month = {Feb-04-2021}, pages = {141 - 148}, issn = {2578-1863}, doi = {10.1002/hbe2.140}, author = {Lutz, Christoph} } @article {2019, title = {Digitalization and the future of work: Macroeconomic consequences}, year = {2019}, publisher = {ZEW - Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Europ{\"a}ische Wirtschaftsforschung}, abstract = {Computing power continues to grow at an enormous rate. Simultaneously, more and better data is increasingly available and Machine Learning methods have seen significant breakthroughs in the recent past. All this pushes further the boundary of what machines can do. Nowadays increasingly complex tasks are automatable at a precision which seemed infeasible only few years ago. The examples range from voice and image recognition, playing Go, to self-driving vehicles. Machines are able to perform more and more manual and also cognitive tasks that previously only humans could do. As a result of these developments, some argue that large shares of jobs are "at risk of automation", spurring public fears of massive job-losses and technological unemployment. This chapter discusses how new digital technologies might affect the labor market in the near future. First, the chapter discusses estimates of automation potentials, showing that many estimates are severely upward biased because they ignore that workers in seemingly automatable occupations already take over hard-to-automate tasks. Secondly, it highlights that these numbers only refer to what theoretically could be automated and that this must not be equated with job-losses or employment effects - a mistake that is done often in the public debate. Thirdly, the chapter develops scenarios on how digitalization is likely to affect the German labor market in the next five years and derives implications for policy makers on how to shape the future of work. Germany is an interesting case to study, as it is a developed country at the technological frontier. In particular, the main challenge will not be the number, but the structure of jobs and the corresponding need for supply side adjustments to meet the shift in demand both within and between occupations and sectors.}, keywords = {automation, Digitalization, Inequality, unemployment}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10419/200063}, author = {Melanie Arntz and Terry Gregory and Ulrich Zierahn} } @conference {2019, title = {Does automation influence career decisions among South African students?}, booktitle = {the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists 2019Proceedings of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists 2019 on ZZZ - SAICSIT {\textquoteright}19}, year = {2019}, pages = {1 - 10}, publisher = {ACM Press}, organization = {ACM Press}, address = {Skukuza, South AfricaNew York, New York, USA}, isbn = {9781450372657}, doi = {10.1145/335110810.1145/3351108.3351137}, author = {Mbilini, Sakhumzi N. and le Roux, Daniel B. and Parry, Douglas A.} } @article {2019, title = {Does the use of synchrony and artificial intelligence in video interviews affect interview ratings and applicant attitudes?}, journal = {Computers in Human Behavior}, volume = {98}, year = {2019}, month = {Jan-09-2019}, pages = {93 - 101}, issn = {07475632}, doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.012}, author = {Suen, Hung-Yue and Chen, Mavis Yi-Ching and Lu, Shih-Hao} } @article {2019, title = {Is a driverless future also jobless?}, year = {2019}, institution = {W.E. Upjohn Institute}, doi = {10.17848/pb2019-17}, author = {Groshen, Erica L.} } @book {2018, title = {Data Science for Undergraduates}, year = {2018}, publisher = {National Academies Press}, organization = {National Academies Press}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, isbn = {978-0-309-47559-4}, doi = {10.17226/25104}, url = {https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25104} } @article {2018, title = {DEFINITION, APPLICATION AND INFLUENCE OF ARTI FICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON DESIGN INDUSTRIES}, journal = {Landscape Architecture Frontiers}, volume = {6}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-01-2018}, pages = {56}, issn = {2095-5405}, doi = {10.15302/J-LAF-20180207}, author = {Linghao Cai and Ling Fan and Wenbo Lai and LONG, Ying and Peng Wang and Xiangyang Xin} } @article {2018, title = {Developing an ethical framework}, journal = {Business Horizons}, volume = {61}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-11-2018}, pages = {823 - 832}, issn = {00076813}, doi = {10.1016/j.bushor.2018.07.001}, author = {Wright, Scott A. and Schultz, Ainslie E.} } @article {2018, title = {Developing robots: The need for an ethical framework}, journal = {European View}, volume = {17}, year = {2018}, month = {Aug-04-2019}, pages = {37 - 43}, issn = {1781-6858}, doi = {10.1177/1781685818761016}, author = {Leveringhaus, Alex} } @article {2018, title = {Digital economy and the models of income distribution in the society}, journal = {SHS Web of Conferences}, volume = {44}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-01-2018}, pages = {00005}, doi = {10.1051/shsconf/20184400005}, author = {Akaev, Askar and Rudskoi, Andrew and Devezas, Tessaleno}, editor = {Sarygulov, A. and Sergeev, V. and Ungv{\'a}ri, L. and Semmler, W.} } @article {2018, title = {Digital economy: backgrounds, main drivers and new challenges}, journal = {SHS Web of Conferences}, volume = {44}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-01-2018}, pages = {00006}, doi = {10.1051/shsconf/20184400006}, author = {Akaev, Askar and Sarygulov, Askar and Sokolov, Valentin}, editor = {Sarygulov, A. and Sergeev, V. and Ungv{\'a}ri, L. and Semmler, W.} } @article {2018, title = {The discourse approach to boundary identification and corpus construction for theory review articles}, journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Systems}, year = {2018}, keywords = {article identification, boundary identification, citation search, keyword search, literature review, machine learning, research review, review article}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325215971_Understanding_the_Elephant_The_Discourse_Approach_to_Boundary_Identification_and_Corpus_Construction_for_Theory_Review_Articles}, author = {Kai R. Larsen and Dirik S. Hovorka and Alan R. Dennis and Jevin D. West} } @article {2018, title = {Discussion for JME special issue: APST paper}, journal = {Journal of Monetary Economics}, volume = {97}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-08-2018}, pages = {68 - 70}, issn = {03043932}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmoneco.2018.05.003}, author = {Hershbein, Brad} } @article {2018, title = {Dreyfus on the {\textquoteright}Fringe{\textquoteright}: information processing, intelligent activity, and the future of thinking machines}, year = {2018}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323956550_Dreyfus_on_the_fringe_-_accepted_draft}, author = {Jeffrey White} } @conference {2017, title = {Data tracking in search of workflows}, booktitle = {the 2017 ACM ConferenceProceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing - CSCW {\textquoteright}17}, year = {2017}, pages = {2153 - 2165}, publisher = {ACM Press}, organization = {ACM Press}, address = {Portland, Oregon, USANew York, New York, USA}, isbn = {9781450343350}, doi = {10.1145/2998181.2998296}, author = {Holten M{\o}ller, Naja L. and Bj{\o}rn, Pernille and Villumsen, Jonas Christoffer and Hancock, Tine C. Hansen and Aritake, Toshimitsu and Tani, Shigeyuki} } @article {2017, title = {Datification, organizational strategy, and is research: What{\textquoteright}s the score? }, journal = {The Journal of Strategic Information Systems}, volume = {26}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-09-2017}, pages = {233 - 241}, issn = {09638687}, doi = {10.1016/j.jsis.2017.08.003}, author = {Markus, M. Lynne} } @article {2017, title = {Debating big data: A literature review on realizing value from big data}, journal = {The Journal of Strategic Information Systems}, volume = {26}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-09-2017}, pages = {191 - 209}, issn = {09638687}, doi = {10.1016/j.jsis.2017.07.003}, author = {G{\"u}nther, Wendy Arianne and Rezazade Mehrizi, Mohammad H. and Huysman, Marleen and Feldberg, Frans} } @article {2017, title = {A deep learning approach for quantifying tumor extent}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-06-2017}, doi = {10.1038/srep46450}, author = {Cruz-Roa, Angel and Gilmore, Hannah and Basavanhally, Ajay and Feldman, Michael and Ganesan, Shridar and Shih, Natalie N.C. and Tomaszewski, John and Gonz{\'a}lez, Fabio A. and Madabhushi, Anant} } @article {2017, title = {Deep learning for healthcare: review, opportunities and challenges}, journal = {Briefings in Bioinformatics}, volume = {19}, year = {2017}, month = {Jun-05-2017}, pages = {1236 - 1246}, issn = {1467-5463}, doi = {10.1093/bib/bbx044}, author = {Miotto, Riccardo and Wang, Fei and Wang, Shuang and Jiang, Xiaoqian and Joel T. Dudley} } @article {2017, title = {DeepMind just published a mind blowing paper: PathNet}, year = {2017}, url = {https://medium.com/mcgill-artificial-intelligence-review/deepmind-just-published-a-mind-blowing-paper-pathnet-f72b1ed38d46}, author = {Th{\'e}o Szymkowiak} } @article {RN30632, title = {Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {542}, number = {7639}, year = {2017}, pages = {115{\textendash}118}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0028-0836}, author = {Esteva, Andre and Kuprel, Brett and Novoa, Roberto A and Ko, Justin and Swetter, Susan M and Blau, Helen M and Thrun, Sebastian} } @article {2017, title = {Digital technologies and artificial intelligence{\textquoteright}s present and foreseeable impact on lawyering, judging, policing and law enforcement}, journal = {AI \& SOCIETY}, volume = {32}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-08-2017}, pages = {441 - 464}, issn = {0951-5666}, doi = {10.1007/s00146-015-0596-5}, author = {Nissan, Ephraim} } @article {2017, title = {Do technological innovations affect unemployment? Some empirical evidence from European countries}, journal = {Economies}, volume = {5}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-12-2017}, pages = {48}, doi = {10.3390/economies5040048}, author = {Matuzeviciute, Kristina and Butkus, Mindaugas and Karaliute, Akvile} } @conference {2016, title = {Degree of Automation in Command and Control Decision Support Systems}, booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics}, year = {2016}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7844402}, author = {Ryan M. Robinson and Michael J. McCount and Amar R. Marathe and W. D. Nothwang and Emily A. Doucette} } @article {2016, title = {Did the Computer Revolution shift the fortunes of U.S. cities? Technology shocks and the geography of new jobs}, journal = {Regional Science and Urban Economics}, volume = {57}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan-03-2016}, pages = {38 - 45}, issn = {01660462}, doi = {10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2015.11.003}, author = {Berger, Thor and Frey, Carl Benedikt} } @article {2016, title = {Differences in perceptions of communication quality between a Twitterbot and human agent for information seeking and learning}, journal = {Computers in Human Behavior}, volume = {65}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan-12-2016}, pages = {666 - 671}, issn = {07475632}, doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2016.07.003}, author = {Edwards, Chad and Beattie, Austin J. and Edwards, Autumn and Spence, Patric R.} } @article {2016, title = {The digital workforce and the workplace of the future}, journal = {Academy of Management Journal}, volume = {59}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan-06-2016}, pages = {731 - 739}, issn = {0001-4273}, doi = {10.5465/amj.2016.4003}, author = {Colbert, Amy and Yee, Nick and George, Gerard} } @conference {2016, title = {Disrupting developer productivity one bot at a time}, booktitle = {the 2016 24th ACM SIGSOFT International SymposiumProceedings of the 2016 24th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering - FSE 2016}, year = {2016}, pages = {928 - 931}, publisher = {ACM Press}, organization = {ACM Press}, address = {Seattle, WA, USANew York, New York, USA}, isbn = {9781450342186}, doi = {10.1145/2950290.2983989}, author = {Storey, Margaret-Anne and Zagalsky, Alexey} } @article {2015, title = {Decision-making authority, team efficiency and human worker satisfaction in mixed human{\textendash}robot teams}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, volume = {39}, year = {2015}, month = {Jan-10-2015}, pages = {293 - 312}, issn = {0929-5593}, doi = {10.1007/s10514-015-9457-9}, author = {Gombolay, Matthew C. and Gutierrez, Reymundo A. and Clarke, Shanelle G. and Sturla, Giancarlo F. and Shah, Julie A.} } @book {2015, title = {Deep Learning Tutorial}, series = {Release 0.1}, year = {2015}, url = {http://deeplearning.net/tutorial/deeplearning.pdf}, author = {LISA lab, University of Montreal} } @article {2009, title = {Deploying embodied AI into virtual worlds}, journal = {Knowledge-Based Systems}, volume = {22}, year = {2009}, month = {Jan-10-2009}, pages = {540 - 544}, issn = {09507051}, doi = {10.1016/j.knosys.2008.10.001}, author = {Burden, David J.H.} } @conference {2005, title = {A dialogue agent with adaptive and proactive capabilities}, booktitle = {IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Intelligent Agent TechnologyIEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology}, year = {2005}, month = {09/2005}, pages = {293 - 296}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = {Compiegne Codex, France}, doi = {10.1109/IAT.2005.8}, author = {Baudoin, F. and Bretier, P. and Corruble, V.} } @article {2001, title = {Desperately seeking "IT" in IT research: A call to theorizing the IT artifact}, journal = {Information Systems ResearchInformation Systems Research}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {121{\textendash}134}, author = {Wanda J. Orlikowski and C. Suzanne Iacono} } @article {1996, title = {Distributed cognition in an airline cockpit}, journal = {Cognition and Communication at WorkCognition and communication at work}, year = {1996}, pages = {15{\textendash}34}, author = {Hutchins, Edwin and Klausen, Tove} } @article {1994, title = {Design concepts of computer-aided integrated manufacturing systems: Work-psychological concepts and empirical findings}, journal = {International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics}, volume = {17}, year = {1994}, publisher = {Elsevier}, chapter = {11-19}, abstract = {The research project "GRIPS" is investigating the design of computer-aided integrated manufacturing systems from a work psychological perspective. The goal is to develop and empirically support adequate design concepts. The project consists of three phases. Evidence from a broad questionnaire survey indicates that most CIM implementations fail to meet expectations associated therewith. Based on the assumption that only the joint optimization of social and technical system results in humane working conditions and economic efficiency, implementations and use of CIM systems has been investigated in 60 companies in Switzerland. THe conceptual framework distinguishes technically-oriented and work-oriented design concepts on four levels; the enterprise, the organizational unit, the group and the individual. Work-oriented manufacturing systems - as opposed to technically-oriented ones - are characterized by decentralization, functional integration, work in self-regulated groups and complete and challenging tasks. The findings support the hypothesis that work-oriented design concepts are related to higher efficiency and better achievement of goals and pursued with the use of new technologies. In the third phase 12 companies have been selected for detailed case studies: The companies are comparable concerning product range and manufacturing conditions but different on the level of work-orientation.}, keywords = {Computer-Integrated-Manufacturing CIM, Organizational design, Production design concepts, Socio-technical system approach, Work psychology, Work-orientation}, author = {C. Kirsh and O. Strohm and E. Ulich} } @article {1991, title = {Development and test of a task level model of motivational job design}, journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology}, volume = {76}, number = {6}, year = {1991}, pages = {825{\textendash}837}, author = {Wong, Chi-sum and Campion, Michael A.} }